"Where we are distinctly different (compared to medieval readers) is the ways in which we consume media," Lee said. But images are still very much a visual supplement. Lee said that in recent decades, people have become more reliant on text compared to images or even spoken words, because of text messaging, email and other digital communication. "Some of the illuminations are not unlike what we would think of as graphic novels today." "These medieval illuminations served a whole bunch of purposes: they could be informative, instructive, decorative or even humorous, depending on who the illustrator was," Lee said. The technique was used mostly between the fourth and 15th centuries for prayer, scriptures and other books with Christian themes, but they were also used for secular purposes too, including proclamations and poetry. This includes medieval illuminated manuscripts, which were handmade books decorated with silver and gold leaf paint, as well as meticulously drawn illustrations embedded within or bordering the text. But publishers have been using images with words long before Instagram, comic books, magazines or even the printing press. The lip-syncing of rap lyrics "nope" and "yep" is among the popular social media memes that combine images and words. Modern examples of this interplay are people pointing to overlaid text on their TikTok videos. Text and image interplay with each other." "With the rise of the Internet, in particular, a lot of the text that we read now is multimodal. "We may be more alike than we think," said Seth Lee, instructor of English, who also has a background as a digital humanist. But a Slippery Rock University professor with a background in medieval and early modern literature said there's one aspect that makes modern readers similar to their ancient or medieval counterparts. The way people read and engage with text certainly has changed across the history of humanity, from deciphering ancient hieroglyphics drawn on cave walls to scrolling text messages and social media updates on a smartphone. This page from Eclogues, a medieval illuminated manuscript written by Latin poet Virgil in 1473, was used in an eye-tracking study by Seth Lee, a Slippery Rock University instructor of English, that shows the different fixation points between a student reader, left, and those of a trained reader, right.
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